Individual Assignment: Bibliography

·         Bicycle lighting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved April 12, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_lighting

·         Bicycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle

·         Bike Safety . (n.d.). KidsHealth - the Web's most visited site about children's health. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/out/bike_safety.html

·         History Timeline of the Bicycle. (n.d.). Pedaling History Bicycle Museum. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.pedalinghistory.com/PHhistory.html

·         States, t. 1. (n.d.). bicycle (vehicle) :: The modern bicycle -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64721/bicycle/230026/The-modern-bicycle

Individual Assignment: Section 1

History of Bicycles

Many of you will have a bicycle at home. Some of you will have several bicycles that belong to different members of your family.

The Walking Machine

In 1817 Baron von Drais invented a walking machine that would help him get around the royal gardens faster. The machine became known as the Hobby Horse. It was made of wood with a wooden frame and wooden wheels but there were no pedals and no brakes. There was a handle fixed to the front wheel which was used to steer. It wasn’t very good on bumpy ground and it was very hard work to make it move, because it had to be moved by using your legs as though you were running. To make it stop you had to use your feet. It wasn’t easy to ride a Hobby Horse! A lot of people laughed at it. They were sure that it would fall over and thought it was a very silly idea. (G. Donald Adams, 1997).

The Velocipede or Boneshaker

In 1865 another two-wheeled riding machine was invented. It was called the velocipede fast foot but was known as the“Bone Shaker”. A blacksmith called Mr. Macmillan had the clever idea of putting pedals on the front wheel so that instead of having to push the bike along with your feet, you could pedal it along.

The bike was much faster than the Hobby Horse and people liked it but if you wanted to stop, you had to pedal backwards. The wheels were still made of wood but to stop them wearing out they put a metal strip round the wheels to protect them. The roads were very rough and bumpy in those days. Sometimes there was only a muddy track with lots of pot holes. This meant that it was very uncomfortable to ride on, especially over cobblestone roads. It shook your bones and that was why it was called a bone shaker. I like these kinds of bicycle. (G. Donald Adams, 1997).

The Penny Farthing

In 1870 the first metal machine appeared. The pedals were still attached to the front wheel but it had solid rubber tyres that made it much more comfortable to ride than the Boneshaker.

It had a big wheel at the front and a small wheel at the back. You had to sit on top of the big wheel and it was very high up! There was a little step above the back wheel to help you get on. It was much faster but was very dangerous. If you went over a bump in the road or had to stop quickly, you would be thrown over the handlebars, so there were lots of accidents. (G. Donald Adams, 1997).

Carbon Emission

Nowadays, there are a lot of carbon emissions which are more than 30 years before. The emissions mostly coming from the Middle East and North Africa, because they are rich of oil and gas. These will effects every person and the average global citizen is two to 10 times. But, in the middle the emissions in the rich countries are much bigger than the poor countries. So, Qatar has the highest footprint globally and Palestinian has the smallest footprint. The inefficiency was the biggest reason in some countries. UAE started analyzing emissions and develop strategies by building a space that absorbs gases and monitoring their emission.








Abdul Rahman Rashid
200305042
CJL

solar- power plant

Abu Dhabi started to work on new solar –power plant project by MASDER and Sener of Spain called Gemsolar .This is a new idea where the sun transfers the heat energy to molten salt .The energy of sun is reflected in huge mirrors and the molten salt is contained in a storage tank then is heated and is used to power a steam turbine. This is turn produces electricity. Before they did not use molten salt and so this is a revolutionary technology. The “heliostats” is the name of system which replaced the older version and the temperatures reflected are very high from the energy of the mirrors around the central tower. The large capacity of energy is enough to supply thousands of homes. The team built a separate control system when follows the sun. Each heliostat has a lot of complicated machinery around it and support.

The science behind Masdar's Spanish solar solution - The National. (n.d.). Latest and breaking news | thenational.ae - The National. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/the-science-behind-masdars-spanish-solar-solution

Tariq Nasser 

Khalid Al massabi

Abdulrahman Rashid